Predicting Loneliness in Thailand: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis of Health, Socio-Demographic, and Geographical Factors

Abstract

This nationwide cross-sectional study investigates the health, socio-demographic, and geographical determinants of loneliness among the adult population in Thailand. Data were collected from a cohort of 714 Thai adults between August 2024 and November 2025 using the "TiS-MSU" telehealth platform and a network of community health volunteers. Loneliness was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics to profile the sample, bivariate testing to explore associations, and multiple linear regression to identify significant predictors. Descriptive analysis indicated that 65.41% of participants reported feeling no loneliness. However, inferential analysis revealed significant demographic disparities: males and LGBTQ+ individuals reported higher levels of loneliness compared to females. Multiple linear regression (R² = 0.27, p < .001) identified age as a significant negative predictor, suggesting that younger adults are more susceptible to loneliness. Employment status also emerged as a critical factor (p = .01), with both employees and the unemployed reporting higher levels of loneliness than civil servants. Notably, married participants reported higher loneliness scores than those who were single, divorced, or widowed (p < .01). Geographically, higher levels of loneliness were concentrated in Bangkok and its surrounding metropolitan areas. In contrast, the lowest levels were observed in southern Thailand. These findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions and psychological support frameworks specifically designed for younger populations, employed individuals, and residents of high-density urban areas. The results emphasize the complex interplay between socio-demographic factors and regional environments in shaping the psychological well-being of the Thai population.